Designing a New Generation
Challenges & Advancements
Complications
Scientists have only begun to unravel the secrets hidden within the human genome-- the genetic blueprint for a human being. The mapping of the genome was finished in 2003, and scientists are continuing on the quest to discover what each gene does and how it functions. At this point in 2010, it's possible to manipulate the genes of embryos.In February 2009, a fertility clinic in Los Angeles tried to offer selection of hair and eye color but retracted the offering in the face of public backlash.
Current techniques of genetic modification introduce genes at random places in the genome. scientist are concerned about the possibility that an inserted copy of NR2B may arrive in the target genome in a way that disrupts the function of another gene crucial for survival.
A Setback​
In September 1999, gene therapy suffered a major setback with the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger. Jesse was participating in a gene therapy trial for ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD). He died from multiple organ failures 4 days after starting the treatment. His death is believed to have been triggered by a severe immune response to the adenovirus carrier.
Accomplishments
What Is HGGM?
Human Germline Genetic Modification (HGGM) refers to techniques that would attempt to create a permanent inheritable (i.e. passed from one generation to the next) genetic change in offspring and future descendants by altering the genetic makeup of the human germline; meaning eggs, sperm, the cells that give rise to eggs and sperm, or early human embryos. Critics have said that HGGM may be the answer to genetic perfection.
Two recent advances in stem cell research suggest that the technological barriers may soon be overcome. Scientists recently have created genetically modified mice by genetically modifying the cells that give rise to sperm, and using these resulting sperm for fertilization. In addition, scientists have genetically modified human embryonic stem cells. These techniques overcome what were long regarded as impenetrable technical barriers, bringing the possibility of HGGM much closer. Therefore, the time is right for a new public discussion about whether, when, and how HGGM research should proceed.
